Just War and Pacifism

Religious Studies lust War and Pacifism (l) Examine the view that some wars can be Justified. (21) What is just war? It's the act of war that must be justified because of the considerable losses which war entails. Pacifism? The pacifist will pursue every other option a prior to resorting to war. War actually has some advantages and can be justified; mainly It establishes peace. It stimulates the economy e. G. Weapon development, employment, reparations, rebuilding. War raises consciousness of call and human rights.It also advances technology and medicine. The Just War theory was developed my Augustine during the 3rd century and Aquinas during 1 13th century. This theory responded to the need for Christians to fight for the defense of the empire, but without compromising Christian principles, following Constantine conversion to Christianity. There are three categories: Jus ad bellum (conditions for going to war), Jus in belle (conditions during war), and Jus post bellum (conditions fo r ending war). Jus ad bellum has to have a Just cause e. . Aberration from oppression, to restore peace, protect the innocent, and self defense. Last resort which means after all peaceful methods of negotiation, sanctions; isolation; have failed. The legitimate authority has to approve e. G. The elected or recognized government of the land; religious authority If appropriate; military government that Is the legitimate authority A Just Intention should be present, a Just outcome as means e. G. Not to take a nations wealth is the process of lecturing peace.There should be a comparison of justice on tooth sides; in principle both sides should have a just cause and a Just intention. A reasonable likelihood of success, do not commit a nation to an unnamable war that will lead to Increasing suffering. Also, the level of weaponry should be proportionate to the offense e. G. Conflict becoming a country for a dispute over trade. Jus in Belle, the conditions during war. There should be reason able proportion between injustices fought and suffering cause, but is the suffering worth it? E. G. Vietnam war. Considerably not World War II, conceivably so.The use of weapons would be proportionate; weapon technology changes and develops during the course of war- it should remain proportionate to the weaponry/man power of the enemy. Warfare must be discriminate, targeting non-competent, civilian facilities, medical facilities Is not Just. Jus post bellum, the conditions for bringing an end to conflict. First of all you should provide assurances to combatants about the terms necessary to end a conflict. Provide terms for the end of war and guideline for the construction of peace treaties. Prevent continuous fighting throughout peace negotiations.Also, prevent draconian and vengeful peace terms. It limits the chance of future generations, suffering, and conflict reigniting. War crimes punishment should distinguish between 1 OFF aggressor in two forms; compensation to the victim for losses incurred and war crime trials for the aggressor. Terms for settlement should be measure and reasonable and should be made public. Leaders, soldiers, and civilians must be distinguished. Basically, wars can be Justified if only you follow these principles and have a good, thoughtful and peaceful reason to start a war. T) To what extent can this view be challenged by pacifism? (9) What is pacifism? The belief that war is incompatible with obedience to the gospel of Jesus, and is superseded by the command to love enemies and pray for persecutors, particularly Christian pacifism. Also, it is possible to be pacifist on humanitarian principles without religious focus. Absolute of total pacifism is no engagement in any military activity. It's notable associated with the Quakers and Amiss and it's unofficially the policy of many individual Christians.Jesus referred to SE violence and taught his disciples not to respond violently e. G. â€Å"Put your sword away, for all who draw the sword will die by the sword† (Matthew 26:52). He forgives his executioners: â€Å"Father, forgive them for they do not know what they are doing. † (Luke 23:34) This quote by Jesus was taken out of most Bibles because the writers disagreed with the forgiveness of Jesus' executioners. Jesus could have been more revolutionary; Steven Brandon has argued the case that Jesus was a zealot. Also, religious support came from Paul e. G. ‘Do not take revenge, but leave room forGod's wrath' (Romans 12:19); Judgment belongs to God, it is not humans responsibility. Paul also teaches submission to, not rebellion against, the ruling powers. ‘Do you want to be free of fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right and he will commend you' (Romans 13:5). This was the pragmatic teaching in a time of impending persecution. ‘The spirit of Christ, which leads us into all truth, will never move us to fight and war against any man' (The Quakers). Even though a war can b e Justified, it doesn't mean it is a good idea to start it. Pacifism challenges the Just War theory.No matter how it can be Justified or what kind of peace you want to establish, war is always bad. Pacifism is a very religious but at the same time peaceful and the right view. ‘Christian peacemakers†¦ Are to live at peace†¦ Love their enemies, overcome evil with good†¦ And become ministers of reconciliation' Noon Sotto). Only the most wise and enlightened will understand pacifism and disagree with Just war. But even though pacifism seems like a solution to all our suffering, people will never achieve it because humans are too selfish and too obsessed with power and money. Just War and Pacifism Religious Studies lust War and Pacifism (l) Examine the view that some wars can be Justified. (21) What is just war? It's the act of war that must be justified because of the considerable losses which war entails. Pacifism? The pacifist will pursue every other option a prior to resorting to war. War actually has some advantages and can be justified; mainly It establishes peace. It stimulates the economy e. G. Weapon development, employment, reparations, rebuilding. War raises consciousness of call and human rights.It also advances technology and medicine. The Just War theory was developed my Augustine during the 3rd century and Aquinas during 1 13th century. This theory responded to the need for Christians to fight for the defense of the empire, but without compromising Christian principles, following Constantine conversion to Christianity. There are three categories: Jus ad bellum (conditions for going to war), Jus in belle (conditions during war), and Jus post bellum (conditions fo r ending war). Jus ad bellum has to have a Just cause e. . Aberration from oppression, to restore peace, protect the innocent, and self defense. Last resort which means after all peaceful methods of negotiation, sanctions; isolation; have failed. The legitimate authority has to approve e. G. The elected or recognized government of the land; religious authority If appropriate; military government that Is the legitimate authority A Just Intention should be present, a Just outcome as means e. G. Not to take a nations wealth is the process of lecturing peace.There should be a comparison of justice on tooth sides; in principle both sides should have a just cause and a Just intention. A reasonable likelihood of success, do not commit a nation to an unnamable war that will lead to Increasing suffering. Also, the level of weaponry should be proportionate to the offense e. G. Conflict becoming a country for a dispute over trade. Jus in Belle, the conditions during war. There should be reason able proportion between injustices fought and suffering cause, but is the suffering worth it? E. G. Vietnam war. Considerably not World War II, conceivably so.The use of weapons would be proportionate; weapon technology changes and develops during the course of war- it should remain proportionate to the weaponry/man power of the enemy. Warfare must be discriminate, targeting non-competent, civilian facilities, medical facilities Is not Just. Jus post bellum, the conditions for bringing an end to conflict. First of all you should provide assurances to combatants about the terms necessary to end a conflict. Provide terms for the end of war and guideline for the construction of peace treaties. Prevent continuous fighting throughout peace negotiations.Also, prevent draconian and vengeful peace terms. It limits the chance of future generations, suffering, and conflict reigniting. War crimes punishment should distinguish between 1 OFF aggressor in two forms; compensation to the victim for losses incurred and war crime trials for the aggressor. Terms for settlement should be measure and reasonable and should be made public. Leaders, soldiers, and civilians must be distinguished. Basically, wars can be Justified if only you follow these principles and have a good, thoughtful and peaceful reason to start a war. T) To what extent can this view be challenged by pacifism? (9) What is pacifism? The belief that war is incompatible with obedience to the gospel of Jesus, and is superseded by the command to love enemies and pray for persecutors, particularly Christian pacifism. Also, it is possible to be pacifist on humanitarian principles without religious focus. Absolute of total pacifism is no engagement in any military activity. It's notable associated with the Quakers and Amiss and it's unofficially the policy of many individual Christians.Jesus referred to SE violence and taught his disciples not to respond violently e. G. â€Å"Put your sword away, for all who draw the sword will die by the sword† (Matthew 26:52). He forgives his executioners: â€Å"Father, forgive them for they do not know what they are doing. † (Luke 23:34) This quote by Jesus was taken out of most Bibles because the writers disagreed with the forgiveness of Jesus' executioners. Jesus could have been more revolutionary; Steven Brandon has argued the case that Jesus was a zealot. Also, religious support came from Paul e. G. ‘Do not take revenge, but leave room forGod's wrath' (Romans 12:19); Judgment belongs to God, it is not humans responsibility. Paul also teaches submission to, not rebellion against, the ruling powers. ‘Do you want to be free of fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right and he will commend you' (Romans 13:5). This was the pragmatic teaching in a time of impending persecution. ‘The spirit of Christ, which leads us into all truth, will never move us to fight and war against any man' (The Quakers). Even though a war can b e Justified, it doesn't mean it is a good idea to start it. Pacifism challenges the Just War theory.No matter how it can be Justified or what kind of peace you want to establish, war is always bad. Pacifism is a very religious but at the same time peaceful and the right view. ‘Christian peacemakers†¦ Are to live at peace†¦ Love their enemies, overcome evil with good†¦ And become ministers of reconciliation' Noon Sotto). Only the most wise and enlightened will understand pacifism and disagree with Just war. But even though pacifism seems like a solution to all our suffering, people will never achieve it because humans are too selfish and too obsessed with power and money.

Alan Klein Sugarball

Alan Klein’s Sugarball is both a historical overview and cultural study of how citizens of the Dominican Republic not only enjoy baseball but use it as a means of cultural self-expression and, more importantly, resistance to American domination of their small country.   Though not openly hostile to the United States, the Dominican public uses baseball as a means of asserting pride and equality in the face of long, formidable neocolonial domination. Baseball is a specifically American entity only partly because it was created and evolved in the United States, where for decades it remained the dominant spectator sport.   More importantly, Klein asserts, baseball is uniquely American in how it has spread to other nations and dominates the game elsewhere.   It has the largest and strongest organization, the richest teams, largest fan base, most lucrative broadcasting and advertising contracts, and most extensive networks for scouting and player development. Baseball’s presence in the Dominican Republic (among the western hemisphere’s poorest nations) is also uniquely American because, as with other aspects of American culture, it was brought there as American domination spread throughout the Caribbean American interests assumed control of the Dominican economy. However, unlike other American corporations, Major League Baseball did not provoke widespread, unmitigated resentment, but is for the most part supported by the nation’s people.   In addition, the methods long used to scout and sign Dominican ballplayers is similarly dubious and rifer with duplicity; Klein calls their methods â€Å"so reminiscent of those of the West African slave traders of three centuries earlier† (42). In terms of the game itself, the rules and style in each are generally the same, and while Dominicans play the game with an intensity equal with Americans, their approach to other aspects of baseball are more casual, reflecting that society’s leniency and lax approach to time.   While Dominican players play as hard as their American teammates and opponents, they embrace a much more casual attitude toward time, frequently showing up late for meetings or practice unless specifically required to be punctual.   In addition, they tend to be more exuberant and unrestrained; playing the game seriously is not equated with a somber demeanor. Most of the differences lie off the field, particularly in the atmosphere of a stadium on game day.   The fan culture is radically different; where American fans are more restrained, often get to games on time, and can sometimes be confrontational with other fans, Dominican fans are generally louder, more physically and temperamentally relaxed, more effusive (even with strangers), and, despite the demonstrative body language and shouting shown in arguments, there is far less violence than at an American ballgame. Klein attributes this to the fact that â€Å"[Dominican fans] are far more social than North Americans, more in tune with human frailty.   Because they see so much human vulnerability, because they are closer to the margins of life, they are more likely to resist the urge to bully and harm† (148). Economic power essentially defines the relationship between American and Dominican baseball, because Major League Baseball develops and signs much of the local Dominican talent, leaving the Dominican professional league and amateur ranks underdeveloped and subordinate to the North American teams who establish baseball academies and working agreements with Dominican teams. Since 1955, when the major leagues established working agreements with Dominican professional clubs (and, more significantly, eliminated the â€Å"color line† that prevented most Dominicans, who are predominantly mulatto, from playing), American baseball has shown its hegemony over its Dominican counterpart, turning the latter into a virtual colony by taking its raw resources and giving back very little in return.   Klein comments: â€Å"The lure of cheap, abundant talent in the Dominican Republic led American teams to establish a more substantial presence there . . . [and the] bonds between American and Dominican baseball came increasingly to resemble other economic and political relations between the two countries† (36). Klein writes that most Dominicans accept American dominance of their baseball, adding that â€Å"whereas giants such as Falconbridge and GTE are resented, major league teams are largely supported† (2), mainly because Dominican players have such a notable presence and bring positive attention to their impoverished homeland.   This support is by no means unconditional, though; they steadfastly refuse to approach the game with American businesslike gravitas; instead, they treat the game itself somewhat like Carnival, with joy coexisting alongside energetic, intense play. Resistance appears in the way Dominican players relax at home, interacting more freely with fans, who themselves resist American baseball’s decorum by being themselves and creating a festive, effusive, Carnival-like atmosphere.   According to Klein, â€Å"The game remains American in structure, but its setting is Dominican and it has become infused with Dominican values† (149).   Indeed, the park fosters a microcosm of Dominican society, particularly its impoverished economy, and unlike the more slick American baseball business, it does not exclude its marginal activities. In addition to the paid vendors and park employees within the stadium, an illicit economy flourishes both within and on the outside, with self-appointed â€Å"car watchers,† vendors, and ushers (adults and children alike) plying their trade for small fees, and bookmakers work openly, often in the presence of the police, who turn a blind eye to most illegal activity aside from the rare fight. Dominican baseball’s symbolic significance is not a sense of the pastoral heritage, like some in America interpret it; instead, it reflects Dominicans’ sense of themselves being dominated by the United States, and offers a symbolic outlet for striking back. In his preface, Klein writes: â€Å"The tensions between a batter who has two strikes against him and the opposing pitcher are a metaphor for the political and cultural tensions described in this book† (xi).   Indeed, the Dominican republic’s deeply entrenched poverty and long domination by foreign powers give it a feeling of vulnerability and compel its people to seek some means of besting the dominant power – if not politically or economically, then at least athletically. At the start of the book, Klein states that â€Å"every turn at bat is a candle of hope, every swing is the wave of a banner, the sweeping arc of a sword† (1).   Indeed, when a Dominican reaches the major leagues and excels, it is not merely an athletic success story but a symbolic invasion and conquest of the conqueror’s territory.   (The United States twice occupied the Dominican Republic in the twentieth century, an ever-present fact in Dominicans’ minds.) Also, the atmosphere in the crowd of a Dominican professional game serves as the country’s symbolic assertion of its culture in the face of American dominance.   At Santo Domingo’s Quisqueya Stadium, one witnesses â€Å"a mass spectacle that makes simultaneous use of American and Dominican elements. . . . [Baseball] at Quisqueya embodies many of the things that North Americans find blameworthy in Dominican culture – lateness, overly casual behavior, inefficiency.   But the Dominicans see these characteristics as a source of pride, and they take their game seriously† (150). The Dominican baseball press is a source of more open resistance; says Klein, â€Å"the press has inadvertently created a Latino universe of discourse, one in which North Americans are conspicuously absent† (127).   Its journalists display an obvious bias by devoting so much attention to Dominicans in the major leagues that one hardly knows other nationalities even participate. In addition, Dominican baseball writers openly blame Dominican baseball’s problems on American control, protesting a skewed economic relationship that mirrors the larger political and economic imbalance.   They promote much of the public’s pride, says Klein, but that pride is â€Å"tempered by the view that Dominican baseball is still an adjunct to the American game† (121).   Dominican resistance is thus aimed at countering this uncomfortable fact. In baseball terms, American culture interacts with Dominican culture by treating it with some degree of condescension and insensitivity.   Many American baseball professionals are impatient with Dominicans’ loose sense of time, quickly deeming Latino players uncoachable â€Å"head cases,† without looking at the cultural differences. Among Dominicans, says Klein, â€Å"There is none of the regimentation, guardedness, and nervous tension that characterizes players in the United States.   North American managers must take this looseness into account when they go to the Caribbean, for the players’ conception of the game and of time is as elastic as that of other Dominicans† (148). Despite the United States’ long domination of the Dominican Republic, the small nation’s people feel less anger than a mixture of muted resentment and aspiration to attain American material prosperity and stability, which for most are a distant, unreachable ideal.   Thus, when Dominican ballplayers reach the major leagues, their large salaries represent a sort of victory and source of immense pride for the small island nation.   Says Klein, â€Å"Much as archeological treasures attest to a rich Dominican past, salaries attest to the present† (128). Klein’s study pays keen attention not only to Dominican history but also to the ways in which Dominicans embrace this imported sport but also use their prowess to offer their own subtle response to American political and economic dominance.   The dynamic he describes illustrates not only American hegemony, but also how subordinated peoples’ identity and spirit can thrive even in the face of foreign domination. Klein, Alan M.   Sugarball.   New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.

Gender Inequality And Gender Wage Gap - 2375 Words

This is known as gender income difference i.e. the ratio of female to male median yearly earnings among full time year round workers. It is also the average difference between men’s and women’s hourly earnings, the gender pay gap has grown from 14.8 per cent last year to 19.7per cent this year, overtime not included.( Warren 2005) .Studies have shown that this gap has increased over the years, hence widening the gap in the society. These figures must act as a wake-up call for the government. Women’s position in the market and their wider financial security are at grave risk. Factors to explain gender pay gap. This paper goes to elaborate the factor that contributes to gender wage gap, its effects and the remedies that can be implemented to narrow and how Women are seen to be looking for jobs with less risk because it provides flexibility to manage both work and family, and by the notion that says women are the weaker sex but not risk takers. Then men on the other hand capitalized on this believing in themselves as the risk taker. This is because men take up jobs like engineering and surgeons while women take up jobs of nurturing and less demanding jobs but this has changed over the years in the society as women can practically do any job in this generation. (Fisanick, 2008). Level of education is another factor contributing to this gap (Beardwell, Claydon, 2010). Studies have shown that a lower percentage of women go for higher education after finishing their O levelsShow MoreRelatedGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe gender wage gap is defined as the relative difference in earnings between men and women in the economy as a whole. For every dollar a man makes, his female counterpart makes roughly seventy-seven cents. Even if a men and women have the same educational background and work history the man will go home with a higher paycheck than the woman. This may actually lead to tension in the workplace and cause conflict in the office. This also includes female dominated industries- most notably, nursingRead MoreGender Wage Gap Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay1880 Words   |  8 PagesArmando Suqui-Carchi Professor Pantano English 201 13 December 2016 Gender Wage Gap Inequality The gender wage inequality topic is one that has quietly laid in Americas closet of problems for decades. A female worker in Louisiana makes on average an alarming sixty-six cents compared to the dollar a man makes in twenty sixteen. When a father comes home after a forty-hour long work week making fifteen dollars an hour, he will open up a paycheck to six hundred dollars. When a mother comes home afterRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gender Wage Gap is defined as the different amounts of money that is paid to women and men, often for doing the same work. Women who work full time, year round earn 77 cents for every dollar that men earn. Over a year women make $11,500 less than men and throughout their life this wage gap can affect women by making them earn anywhere from $400,000-$2 million less than men do. (Miller 2008, 6) The wage gap varies for women of different races. On average African-American women are paid 60 centsRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality2164 Words   |  9 Pages Throughout history, discrimination has wielded its ugly head in many different forms. Things such as, but not limited to, race, religion, appearance, beliefs and gender have consistently oppressed minorities. A continual discrimination that the women of the world are dealing with takes place in what has been promised to be a fair and unprejudiced environment: the work place. 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Using an estimating Mincerian earnings function that controls for individual characteristics and reflecting the productivity of the worker, we are able to get the ceteris paribus of the gender pay gap that will not be able to be explained by any differences in the productivity of work ers. They also used the approach developed by Oaxaca and Blinder which estimatedRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality855 Words   |  4 Pages In general, the wage gap has narrowed at a slow, and uneven, pace over last three decades. Recent data shows that women in the American workforce earn 77 cents for every dollar a man earns (Trevino). The existence of this â€Å"gender wage gap† has been an issue since women entered the workforce. The ongoing issue of the past has now become an apparent problem in our modern-day, progressive society. 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Women have begun to speak out more about the issue and evaluate what they can do to change the industries and how they personally present themselves to help this change. Currently there is a wide range of opinions on this issue, with some saying it does not exist while others think it will ruin the economy if not fixed immediately. This makesRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality1697 Words   |  7 Pagesto be paid less wages than men, but this paper will argue in the U.S. today the gender wage gap still exists. The definition of gender wage gap as stated by the U.S. government is defined as women who work full time or salary based jobs who receive less earnings than their male counterparts who work equal level jobs (â€Å"Equal Pay,† n.d.).[] This analysis will focus on the years of 2012 to 2014, and in these years it is clear that the gender wage gap exists. The topic of gender wage gap sociologically

Role of Computers in Accounting - 3502 Words

MODULE - 2 Trial Balance and Computers Computer and Computerised Accounting System Notes 12 COMPUTER AND COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM With the expansion of business the number of transactions increased. The manual method of keeping and maintaining records was found to be unmanageable. With the introducton of computers in business, the manual method of accounting is being gradually replaced. And finally, the database technology has revolutionised the accounts department of the business. organisations. In this lesson, we will study about characteristics of computer, role of computers in accounting, need of computerised accounting, etc. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: state the meaning and characteristics of†¦show more content†¦In the course of this evolution, they have become faster, smaller, cheaper, more reliable and user friendly. Components of Computer A computer consists of the major components i.e., Input Unit, Central Processing Unit and Output Unit. Diagrammatically, these components may be presented as follows: Notes Fig. 12.1 Components of computer 228 ACCOUNTANCY Computer and Computerised Accounting System Input Unit Input unit is controlling the various input devices which are used for entering data into the computer. The mostly used input devices are keyboard, mouse, and scanner. Other such devices are magnetic tape, magnetic disk, light pen, bar code reader, smart card reader, etc. Besides, there are other devices which respond to voice and physical touch. Physical touch system is installed at airport for obtaining the online information about departure and arrival of flight. The input unit is responsible for taking input and converting it into binary system. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is the control centre for a computer. It guides, directs and governs its performance. It is the brain of the computer. The main unit inside the computer is the Central Processing Unit. 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Thus, the advancements also bring an increase to the education in the accounting profession. In order to stay competitive with today fast pace society accountants must become more and more technologically incline. The accounting profession has experienced remarkable growth and success in both the 20th and theRead MoreRoles And Activities Of Management Accounting Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesChanges in roles and activities of management accounting due to rapid changes in technology, can be described on following points: a. 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While this change is inevitable it is unclear how many of todays accountants will be able or willing to adjust to the change and conform to what is being called New Accounting. Accountants in the future

Five Concepts Important for Successful Communication in an...

Five Concepts Important for Successful Communication in an Organization Jaime Leigh Plym COM 425: Communication in Organizations Jerry Simpson 08 October 2012 Five Concepts Important for Successful Communication in an Organization Successful communication is one of the most important aspects of an organization. Without it, nothing can be accomplished. There are many concepts of communication that must happen within the workplace. In this paper, I will discuss the five concepts that I feel are the most important for successful communication within an organizational setting. I will discuss how to practice active listening, the importance of organizational culture, how to resolve conflict, the key principles of human communication,†¦show more content†¦Most members all feel a bond with each other because of this culture. Organizational culture creates jargon and a common language, a value system, and visions and goals for the organization (Krebs, 2011). Conflict in an organization is inevitable, but that is not necessarily a negative thing. Knowing how to resolve and manage conflict is essential in successful communication within an organization. Conflict that is handled effectively can actually lead to better group decision making and better group cohesiveness. Tim Scudder, coauthor of the book Have a Nice Conflict, says that managing and resolving conflict is in knowing that it could happen. You need to be able to identify conflict so that when it inevitably does happen, you know (youtube.com). From that point, a resolution can be made. People have different opinions, experiences, and perspectives. This is what causes conflict in the workplace. This conflict can be good and healthy in a number of ways. For example, if the conflict is handled correctly, the conflict could share information that can provide different views and perspectives to the group. Arguing can help the group members find and identify different courses of action and solutions. Believe it or not, conflict can actually improve the organization’s camaraderie and pride. Conflict can be turned into a positive thing by encouraging open minds, promoting fairShow MoreRelatedEffective Business Communication : Th e Success Of An Organization1155 Words   |  5 PagesEffective business Communication is crucial to the success of an organization. The ability to communicate successfully with your audience shows your knowledge of the matter and your level of professionalism to handle the issue. 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Law of Business Organization Corporate Fraud

Question: Discuss about the Law of Business Organization for Corporate Fraud. Answer: Introduction Corporate fraud has been happening all over the world and causing harm to the interests of various stakeholders. The greed of a few people results in millions of dollars being illegally taken away from thousands of investors who had placed their trust in the management of a company. It is the government in any country which is expected to protect the rights of such people and punish those who have committed fraud. But to achieve this purpose laws have to be framed and enforced in an intelligent and efficient way[1]. Corporate fraud in Australian companies Over the years there have been many cases of corporate fraud in Australia. Various laws have been enacted but, still, this has not stopped people in the business world to cheat others and break the law. In 1980s and 1990s in Australia there have been instances of business people misappropriating the money of investors illegally or misleading the investors by spreading wrong information relating to their businesses. The basic intention of these corrupt people is to make individual profits by applying means or methods that have been prohibited by law. Such people want to gain unfair advantage in the competitive business world though such illegal approaches to make money. They are ready to take the risk of breaking the law sometimes feeling that law enforcement agencies would not be able to detect their cheating. On many occasions they feel that even if they get caught they would be able to take advantage of the loopholes in the laws and get away with a mild punishment or payment of a m uch lesser compensation. In recent times the instances of Australian Companies bribing public officials in other companies to win contracts have increased. But that does not mean that other types of corporate frauds have come to an end. There is need for law making and law enforcing agencies to prevent any type of corporate fraud. The need is to promote a culture and an environment where companies realize that they have no option but to adopt fair practices in their business dealings and the investors and the customers also feel that their interests are protected. There are still significant cases of corporate frauds in Australia and the government should remain committed to eliminate such events. Corporate fraud by Allan Bond In a case in Australian courts, an individual Alan Bond was accused of being part of business dealings, also involving government, which resulted in loss of public money amounting to $ 600 million. Alan Bond was also accused of siphoning of money from one of the companies Bell Resources, controlled by the individual to another company named Bond Corporation owned by the person. Allan Bond was a manipulator with business interests in property industry, gold mining and brewing wine. But these risky methods led to the failure of many of the individuals businesses. Many shareholders who had invested in Allans companies lost money. The compensation provided to the creditors was considered very inadequate and many of them felt that they were unfairly treated by law[2]. Allan Bond was sentenced to seven years in prison for defrauding Bell Resources. The individual after being released from prison, got engaged in business, again made a fortune but lost it again due to malpractices and rash b usiness decisions. The individuals companies were liquidated[3]. There has been a legal case fought in courts for the recovery of money owed to creditors of Bell Group from which Allan Bond siphoned off money to Bond Corporation for last twenty years in various courts of Australia. Ultimately the government has set up a statutory authority to arrange for the payment of money to creditors as per a settlement[4]. This shows the far reaching consequences of a fraud committed by Allan Bond. Once money has been taken away illegally, it takes lot of time, efforts and expenses to recover the lost amount and compensate the victims of the crime. The judgement in such cases should be delivered much faster. There is the need to make the Corporation Act and other regulatory bodies more effective. There are many who feel that Allan Bond should have been given more severe punishment under the law for defrauding Bell resources because the amount involved in the fraud was very high. There have been instances where people who have misappropriated far lesser money have been given comparatively much harsher imprisonment in relation to their crime. This shows that there is the need to amend the present laws to provide a more effective deterrent to people who intend to commit such frauds. The punishment given to the guilty should be commensurate with the amount of money which has been taken away illegally. The law should be more transparent, reasonable and just in such cases. The severity of the crime committed and its far reaching effects should be recognized by the law. Corporate fraud by Rodney Adler In another case a person named Rodney Adler was sentenced to serve four years and six months in prison for the role the individual played in the collapse of the company HIH Insurance[5]. This company collapsed in 2001 with liabilities of $ 5.3 billion. Rodney Adler was held guilty of making false statements to induce purchases of HIH Insurance shares and also of lying to secure money from HIH Insurance for a company in which Adler had an interest. In this case the laws cited by the Supreme Court of New South Wales Common Law Division were Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) ss184 (1)(b), 997, 999,Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s178BB, Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) Part 1B, Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) . Insider trading by Hochtief AG In another case Australian Securities And Investment Commission has brought German construction company Hochtief AG into court for committing insider trading in a purchase of shares of Leigton Holdings. In this case it was alleged that Hochtief Australia Holdings Limited which held a large number of shares in Leigton Holdings, had information about the financial performance of Leigton Holdings before the financial results were declared. Hochtief AG knew that Leigton had better financial results as compared to the previous year. So Hochtief which had a majority shareholding in Leigton, unfairly, in 2014, pushed forward the last date for purchasing the shares of Leigton and made its subsidiary purchase shares of Leigton[6]. In this case it was argued that insider trading laws of Corporation Act had been breached. Insider information is the information about the company which is not generally available and likely to have an effect on the value of a financial product of the firm[7]. Financial products included under insider trading law include all securities that can be traded on the stock exchange. It is an offence under the Corporations Act to trade using inside information, or pass such information to others who are likely to trade on the basis of such inside information. Bribery in corporate world There are many companies from the world's most developed economies which are perceived to frequently pay bribes when doing business internationally, despite of new laws and international commitments to eradicate bribery in business. While many of the developed economic powers show slow economic growth, in many emerging economies the incomes of people have risen and there is greater demand for goods and services. Thus there are greater opportunities for foreign investment and trade in these countries. But the foreign companies have to compete with the local industry in these countries apart from competition between companies from the developed world. Moreover the business policies of the governments in many of these countries have also led to public officials demanding illegal payments to get government contracts in favour of these foreign companies. The culture in these relatively poor countries is also breeding corrupt practices of the foreign companies. But there has been growing a wareness among governments and people of different countries that there is a need to stop these corrupt practices and make international business clean[8]. The Australian federal government has laws which prohibit bribery of federal public officials,as well as foreign public officials[9]. The specific criminal offence of bribing a foreign public official is dealt with in Section 70.2 of the Bribery Act. There has been renewed focus on bribery and corruption by the Australian police. Steps have been taken for restructuring of investigative systems, improving cooperation within government agencies, as well as between Australian and foreign authorities. Many Australian companies have now realized that doing business abroad without taking effective anti-bribery and corruption measures would have serious adverse legal consequences for them. The government of Australia has also committed itself on international forums to adopt practices to prevent foreign bribery by Australian companies[10]. It has to be understood that victims of fraudulent acts are not only shareholders or customers of the company; innocent employees are at risk as they can lose their jobs as a consequence of these crimes. Sometimes the senior executes of a company collude with one another to commit frauds which are very difficult to detect. One of the effective ways to prevent such fraud is to make companies disclose their financial records and enforce better auditing controls. Steps have to be taken to ensure that regulators and the courts in Australia focus upon achieving effective enforcement strategies in regard to theCorporations Act. There are some people who argue that the investigation and enforcement powers of Australias corporate regulator, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) are probably narrower than those of some comparable foreign counterparts like in the United States of America and United Kingdom, and that there is an urgent need to expand its powers. Conclusion There is need for external regulation of corporations by law enforcement bodies and also internal regulation by the management of the companies to prevent frauds from happening. The aim should be to promote ethical culture in business organizations so that they can self regulate their behavior. If the thinking of people is changed then people would not make use of fraudulent ways to make money. But that should be the long term goal. The government needs to be vigilant and strengthen the legal system to detect illegal activities in the corporate world and punish those found guilty of breaking the law. References Abc.net.au, Bell Group Money To Be Disbursed By Statutory Authority (22 August 2016) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-06/bell-group-money-to-be-disbursed-by-statutory-authority/6450596 Abc.net.au, Hochtief Faces Leighton Insider Trading Case Brought By ASIC (22 August 2016) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-02/hochtief-leighton-insider-trading-asic/7133384 Asic.gov.au, Creditors- Liquidation (22August 2016) https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-creditors/creditors-liquidation/ Australian Politics.com, Rodney Adler Sentenced To Four And A Half Years Jail (22 August 2016) https://australianpolitics.com/2005/04/14/rodney-adler-jailed-over-hih-collapse.html Financierworldwide.com, Australia Tells OECD It Is Getting Serious About Foreign Bribery (22 August 2016) https://www.financierworldwide.com/australia-tells-oecd-it-is-getting-serious-about-foreign-bribery/#.V7qUplt97Dc Jeremy Gans, Modern Criminal Law Of Australia (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 266 Perthnow.com, Alan Bond Is No Hero Say Victims (22 August 2016) https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/alan-bond-is-no-hero-say-victims/story-fnhocxo3-1226663242823 Stephen M. Bainbridge, Research Handbook On Insider Trading (Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 2013) 1 Stuart H. Deming, Anti Bribery Laws In Common Law Jurisdictions (Oxford University Press, 2014) 10 Westlawn.com.au, Cost Of Fraud In Australia $8.5 billion (23 August 2016) https://westlawn.com.au/cost-of-fraud-in-australia-8-5-billion-only-5-of-businesses-protected/ Yahong Zhang and Cecilia Lavena, Government Anti Corruption Strategies: A Cross Cultural Perspective (CRC Press Taylor And Francis Group, 2015) 215

Short Stories Essays - Rhetorical Techniques,

Short Stories Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Goodman Brown was not asleep in this short story. As I read, I believed that Goodman did indeed meet the devil in the forest. If he had indeed dreamt about the trip he was sent on and meeting the devil, I think his nervousness would have been described in more detail then it was. Concentrating more on the anxiety he was feeling would have led the reader to believe that the events were not real. I also saw this story as an allegory. I saw the allegory after reading the story two times. I think it is centered on Goodman Brown having a bumpy past and that he wants to go beyond his past and reach heaven. The characters names also show the religious allegory in the story. The names Goodman and Faith are used and the characters are then soon faced with terrifying evil. I think that Goodman Brown and his wife, Faiths names symbolize that they are good, religious people and that Goodman is making up everyone being evil in his head. I found an essay by Alexa Carlson that described the symbolism in light vs. dark, forest vs. town, nature vs. human, and fantasy vs. reality. In her paper, Essay #1: Young Goodman Brown, she states that fantasy vs. reality are employed to reinforce the idea that good and evil have been set up as strict categories into which no one, not even the religious figures of the community, fit neatly. As she later writes, if Hawthorne was apprehensive about what he considers right and wrong in terms of human behavior, I think he would have spend more time building up his tragic end. Young Goodman Brown was a pretty sad story because he was happy with all the locals and his faith until the trip came into Goodman Browns life. Goodman is pure going into the forest, but in a sense comes out of the forest somewhat evil. He comes back thinking he is better than everyone else and ends up isolating himself to lead a very lonely life. Source: Carlson, Alexa. Essay #1: Young Goodman Brown. www.crwl.utexas.edu Nathaniel Hawthorne, My Kinsman, Major Molineaux I read some information about Nathaniel Hawthornes life and then thinking back to this story, I see his life somewhat reflected in the main character. I saw him relating himself to Robin and parallel the emotions and similarities to that of his own life. I remember reading that Hawthorne locked himself up in a room for twelve years and completely isolated himself from the people around him. In My Kinsman, Major Molineaux, Robin is given a lesson and isolated from the group of the new colony. He leads himself to his own misery and disrespect because he recognized himself as a kinsman and wanted something back. Both Hawthorne and Robin face the problem of being accepted by society. They both had their shares of complications and complexity fitting in with their surroundings. The first paragraph of the story is there to let you know something. There is a hint hidden in the paragraph about the fate of Major Molineaux. He states that uprisings are beginning to occur in the colonies. Robin is an 18 year old who travels across the ocean to see Major Molineaux. He seems confident that all will work out even though he does not know where his uncle lives. He goes with little money and asks where Major Molineaux lives. His first attempt to find his uncle is a disappointment. All the people he asks are mean to him but he still keeps looking. From the story, I get that Robin does not really want to find Major Molineaux. Once he sees his uncle tarred and feathered, he starts laughing and realizing how much he has grown from his trip. The older people in the story seem to be really mean. I think they have a greater hatred toward Major Molineaux. The man Robin sees with the black and red face scares him. I think the red and black represent danger and anger and possibly evil. The danger could represent either that the mob is supposed to be something evil or that the mob represents the violent changes